Physics
Kinematics, dynamics, energy, gravitation, thermodynamics, waves, optics, and modern physics calculators.
Kinematics
Velocity, acceleration, displacement, free fall, and projectile motion.
Velocity Calculator
Calculate average velocity from displacement and time, in metric or imperial units.
Average Velocity Calculator
Calculate average velocity from displacement and time, or from initial and final speeds.
Acceleration Calculator
Calculate average acceleration from initial velocity, final velocity, and elapsed time.
Average Acceleration Calculator
Calculate average acceleration from change in velocity and time interval in metric or imperial units.
Distance Speed Time Calculator
Calculate distance travelled given a constant speed and travel duration.
Displacement Calculator
Calculate straight-line displacement using initial velocity, acceleration, and time via s = v₀t + ½at².
Time Calculator
Calculate how long a journey takes given a distance and a constant speed.
Speed Calculator
Calculate average speed from distance and time — scalar magnitude, no direction needed.
Free Fall Calculator
Calculate fall time and impact velocity for an object dropped from height, or distance and speed after a fall time.
Projectile Motion Calculator
Calculate range, max height, and flight time for any projectile launch. Metric and imperial units.
Horizontal Projectile Motion Calculator
Calculate range, flight time, and impact speed for a horizontally launched projectile.
Vertical Motion Calculator
Calculate height, velocity, and peak altitude for an object thrown straight up.
Motion Equation Calculator
Calculate final velocity and displacement from initial velocity, acceleration, and time using SUVAT equations.
Relative Velocity Calculator
Calculate how fast two objects move relative to each other — same or opposite directions.
Stopping Distance Calculator
Calculate total stopping distance from speed, reaction time, and braking deceleration — metric and imperial.
Forces & Dynamics
Newton’s laws, friction, tension, drag, springs, and equilibrium.
Force Calculator
Calculate force from mass and acceleration using Newton’s second law (F = m·a).
Newton’s Second Law Calculator
Calculate force, mass, or acceleration using F = m·a with metric and imperial unit support.
Weight Calculator
Calculate the gravitational force (weight) on any mass using W = m·g.
Friction Force Calculator
Calculate friction force from the coefficient of friction and normal force using F = µN.
Static Friction Calculator
Calculate the maximum static friction force a surface can exert before an object starts to slide.
Kinetic Friction Calculator
Calculate the kinetic friction force on a sliding object using its friction coefficient and normal force.
Net Force Calculator
Add up forces along a line or combine two perpendicular components to find the resultant net force.
Tension Force Calculator
Calculate rope tension for hanging masses, vertically accelerating objects, and Atwood machines.
Centripetal Force Calculator
Calculate centripetal force for circular motion using linear or angular speed.
Inclined Plane Calculator
Calculate forces and acceleration on a block resting on a ramp with optional friction.
Drag Force Calculator
Calculate aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag force using fluid density, velocity, drag coefficient, and area.
Spring Force Calculator
Calculate the restoring force of a spring using Hooke’s law (F = k·x) with metric or imperial units.
Equilibrium Calculator
Find the equilibrant force needed to balance up to three colinear forces and check for static equilibrium.
Work, Energy & Power
Work, kinetic and potential energy, power, efficiency, and horsepower.
Work Calculator
Calculate the mechanical work done by a force over a distance at any angle.
Power Calculator
Calculate power in watts from work and time, or from force and velocity.
Energy Calculator
Calculate energy from power and time in joules, kilowatt-hours, and kilocalories.
Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate the kinetic energy of a moving object using its mass and velocity.
Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate gravitational or elastic potential energy using m·g·h or ½·k·x² with metric and imperial support.
Gravitational Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate gravitational potential energy (PE = m·g·h) in joules for any mass, height, and gravity.
Elastic Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate the energy stored in a compressed or stretched spring using Hooke’s law (PE = ½kx²).
Mechanical Energy Calculator
Calculate total mechanical energy, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy for any object.
Efficiency Calculator
Calculate mechanical or thermal efficiency as a percentage from useful output and total input energy.
Horsepower Calculator
Convert between horsepower, watts, and kilowatts instantly with accurate mechanical hp conversions.
Energy Conversion Calculator
Convert energy values between joules, kilocalories, kWh, BTU, electronvolts, and more instantly.
Wind Energy Calculator
Calculate wind turbine power output from rotor size, wind speed, air density, and power coefficient.
Momentum & Collisions
Momentum, impulse, elastic and inelastic collisions, and impact force.
Momentum Calculator
Calculate linear momentum p = m·v for any mass and velocity in metric or imperial units.
Impulse Calculator
Calculate impulse from force and time, or from a change in momentum, using the impulse–momentum theorem.
Conservation of Momentum Calculator
Calculate total system momentum and the common velocity in a perfectly inelastic collision.
Elastic Collision Calculator
Find the final velocities of two objects after a 1-D elastic collision (momentum and kinetic energy conserved).
Inelastic Collision Calculator
Find the common final velocity when two objects collide and stick together in a perfectly inelastic collision.
Recoil Velocity Calculator
Calculate how fast a gun or cannon recoils when fired using conservation of momentum.
Center of Mass Calculator
Find the mass-weighted average position of up to three point masses along a line.
Angular Momentum Calculator
Calculate angular momentum using L = I·ω for rigid bodies or L = m·v·r for point masses.
Impact Force Calculator
Calculate the average force of an impact from mass, velocity change, and contact time.
Circular Motion
Period, frequency, centripetal acceleration, and rotational energy.
Period Calculator
Calculate the period of oscillation from frequency, angular velocity, or pendulum length.
Frequency Calculator
Calculate frequency in hertz from a period in seconds or angular velocity in rad/s.
Centripetal Acceleration Calculator
Calculate centripetal acceleration from linear or angular speed and radius.
Circular Motion Calculator
Calculate angular velocity, centripetal acceleration, period, and frequency for uniform circular motion.
Rotational Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate the kinetic energy stored in a rotating object from its moment of inertia and angular velocity.
Rotational Dynamics Calculator
Calculate torque or angular acceleration using Newton’s rotational second law τ = I·α.
Gravitation
Universal gravitation, orbital and escape velocity, and Kepler’s laws.
Gravity Calculator
Calculate surface gravitational field strength for planets, moons, and custom celestial bodies.
Universal Gravitation Calculator
Calculate the gravitational force between two masses using Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
Escape Velocity Calculator
Calculate the escape velocity needed to break free from a planet or star’s gravitational pull.
Orbital Velocity Calculator
Calculate the speed needed for a circular orbit around any celestial body using v = √(GM ÷ r).
Orbital Period Calculator
Calculate the orbital period of any satellite from its orbital radius and central body mass.
Planet Weight Calculator
Find your weight on any planet, moon, or the Sun by entering your mass.
Satellite Motion Calculator
Calculate orbital velocity and period for satellites around Earth, Mars, the Moon, or Jupiter.
Kepler’s Third Law Calculator
Calculate orbital periods from a semi-major axis and central mass using Kepler’s third law.
Gravitational Field Strength Calculator
Calculate gravitational field strength g = G·M ÷ r² at any distance from a massive body.
Gravitational Potential Calculator
Calculate the gravitational potential V = −GM ÷ r at any distance from a massive body.
Thermodynamics
Heat, specific heat, gas laws, thermal expansion, and entropy.
Heat Calculator
Calculate heat energy absorbed or released by any substance using Q = m·c·ΔT.
Specific Heat Calculator
Calculate the specific heat capacity of a material from heat energy, mass, and temperature change.
Thermal Conduction Calculator
Calculate the steady-state heat-flow rate through a material using Fourier’s law of conduction.
Thermal Expansion Calculator
Calculate how much a material expands or contracts when its temperature changes using ΔL = α·L·ΔT.
Ideal Gas Law Calculator
Solve PV = nRT for pressure, volume, moles, or temperature with metric and imperial support.
Boyle’s Law Calculator
Calculate final pressure or volume for a gas at constant temperature using Boyle’s law (P₁V₁ = P₂V₂).
Charles’s Law Calculator
Calculate the final volume of a gas at constant pressure using Charles’s law (V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂).
Combined Gas Law Calculator
Solve P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂ for the final pressure given the initial and final gas states.
Entropy Change Calculator
Calculate entropy change ΔS = Q ÷ T for a reversible heat transfer at constant absolute temperature.
Thermal Efficiency Calculator
Calculate heat-engine efficiency (W ÷ Qin) or the Carnot maximum efficiency from reservoir temperatures.
Waves & Optics
Wave speed, the Doppler effect, reflection, refraction, lenses, and mirrors.
Wave Speed Calculator
Calculate wave speed from frequency and wavelength using v = f·λ in metres per second.
Wavelength Calculator
Calculate the wavelength of any wave from its speed and frequency using λ = v ÷ f.
Wave Frequency Calculator
Calculate wave frequency from wave speed and wavelength using f = v ÷ λ.
Doppler Effect Calculator
Calculate the observed frequency of a moving source or observer using the Doppler effect formula.
Law of Reflection Calculator
Calculate the angle of reflection from the angle of incidence using θᵣ = θᵢ.
Refraction Calculator
Calculate the refracted angle of light using Snell’s law for any two media.
Snell’s Law Calculator
Calculate the refracted angle or refractive index using Snell’s law n₁·sinθ₁ = n₂·sinθ₂.
Thin Lens Calculator
Calculate image distance and magnification for a thin lens using the thin-lens equation.
Mirror Equation Calculator
Solve the mirror equation to find image distance and magnification for concave and convex mirrors.
Light Intensity Calculator
Calculate the irradiance of a point light source at any distance using the inverse-square law.
Modern Physics
Photon energy, relativity, mass–energy, and radioactive decay.
Photon Energy Calculator
Calculate the energy of a photon from its wavelength (nm) or frequency (Hz) in joules and eV.
Planck Equation Calculator
Calculate photon energy from frequency or frequency from energy using E = h·f.
Special Relativity Calculator
Calculate the Lorentz factor, time dilation, length contraction, and relativistic mass at any speed.
Mass-Energy Equivalence Calculator
Convert any mass into its equivalent rest energy using Einstein’s E = m·c².
Radioactive Decay Calculator
Calculate remaining quantity, percentage decayed, and decay constant for any radioactive material.